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- war 1861-65 between the Southern or
- Confederate States of America and the
- Northern or Union States. The former wished
- to maintain certain `states` rights`, in
- particular the right to determine state law
- on the institution of slavery, and claimed
- the right to secede from the Union; the
- latter fought primarily to maintain the
- Union, with slave emancipation (proclaimed
- 1863) a secondary issue.
- The war, and in particular its aftermath,
- when the South was occupied by Northern
- troops in the period known as the
- Reconstruction, left behind much bitterness.
- Industry prospered in the North, while the
- economy of the South, which had been based on
- slavery, stagnated for some time.
- The issue of slavery had brought to a head
- long-standing social and economic differences
- between the two oldest sections of the
- country. A series of political crises was
- caused by the task of determining whether
- newly admitted states, such as California,
- should permit or prohibit slavery in their
- state constitutions. The political parties in
- the late 1850s came to represent only
- sectional interests - Democrats in the South,
- Republicans in the North. This breakdown of
- an underlying national political consensus
- (which had previously sustained national
- parties) led to the outbreak of hostilities,
- only a few weeks after the inauguration of
- the first Republican president, Abraham
- Lincoln.
-